Multi-mode orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiver for highly-spectrally-efficient communications

ABSTRACT

A receiver may comprise a sequence estimation circuit and operate in at least two modes. In a first mode, the sequence estimation circuit may process OFDM symbols received on a first number of data-carrying subcarriers to recover a number of mapped symbols per OFDM symbol that is greater than the first number. In a second mode, the sequence estimation circuit may process OFDM symbols received on a second number of data-carrying subcarriers to recover a number of mapped symbols per OFDM symbol that is equal to the second number. The second number may be equal to or different from the first number. While the receiver operates in the first mode, the sequence estimation circuit may be operable to generate candidate vectors and process the candidate vectors using a controlled ISCI model to generate reconstructed physical subcarrier values.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/921,813, filed Jun. 19, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,681,889, which makes reference to, claims priority to and claims benefit from:

-   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/662,085 entitled     “Apparatus and Method for Efficient Utilization of Bandwidth” and     filed on Jun. 20, 2012; -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/726,099 entitled     “Modulation Scheme Based on Partial Response” and filed on Nov. 14,     2012; -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/729,774 entitled     “Modulation Scheme Based on Partial Response” and filed on Nov. 26,     2012; -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/747,132 entitled     “Modulation Scheme Based on Partial Response” and filed on Dec. 28,     2012; -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/768,532 entitled     “High Spectral Efficiency over Non-Linear, AWGN Channels” and filed     on Feb. 24, 2013; and -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/807,813 entitled     “High Spectral Efficiency over Non-Linear, AWGN Channels” and filed     on Apr. 3, 2013.

Each of the above applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATIONS BY REFERENCE

This patent application makes reference to:

-   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity,     Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and filed on Jan. 31,     2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,582,637); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,998 titled “Design and     Optimization of Partial Response Pulse Shape Filter,” and filed on     Jan. 31, 2013; -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,001 titled “Constellation     Map Optimization for Highly Spectrally Efficient Communications,”     and filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,675,769); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,008 titled “Dynamic Filter     Adjustment for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,571,131); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,011 titled “Timing     Synchronization for Reception of Highly-Spectrally-Efficient     Communications,” and filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No.     8,559,494); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,014 titled “Signal Reception     Using Non-Linearity-Compensated, Partial Response Feedback,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,559,496); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,018 titled “Feed Forward     Equalization for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,914); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,021 titled “Decision     Feedback Equalizer for Highly Spectrally Efficient Communications,”     and filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,665,941); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,025 titled “Decision     Feedback Equalizer with Multiple Cores for     Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and filed on Jan. 31,     2013; -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,026 titled “Decision     Feedback Equalizer Utilizing Symbol Error Rate Biased Adaptation     Function for Highly Spectrally Efficient Communications,” and filed     on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,559,498); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,028 titled “Coarse Phase     Estimation for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,548,097); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,039 titled “Fine Phase     Estimation for Highly Spectrally Efficient Communications,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,565,363); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,972 titled “Multi-Mode     Transmitter for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013; -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,043 titled “Joint Sequence     Estimation of Symbol and Phase With High Tolerance Of Nonlinearity,”     and filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,605,832); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,050 titled “Adaptive     Non-Linear Model for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,”     and filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,553,821); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,052 titled “Pilot     Symbol-Aided Sequence Estimation for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient     Communications,” and filed on Jan. 31, 2013; -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,054 titled “Method and     System for Corrupt Symbol Handling for Providing High Reliability     Sequences,” and filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No.     8,571,146); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,060 titled “Method and     System for Forward Error Correction Decoding with Parity Check for     Use in Low Complexity Highly-spectrally-efficient Communications,”     and filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,566,687); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,061 titled “Method and     System for Quality of Service (QoS) Awareness in a Single Channel     Communication System,” and filed on Jan. 31, 2013; -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/756,079 titled “Pilot Symbol     Generation for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,665,992); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,065 titled “Timing Pilot     Generation for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and     filed on Jan. 31, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,548,072); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/756,010 titled “Multi-Mode     Receiver for Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and filed     on Jan. 31, 2013; -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/755,068 titled “Forward Error     Correction with Parity Check Encoding for use in Low Complexity     Highly-spectrally-efficient Communications,” and filed on Jan. 31,     2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,572,458); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/756,469 titled     “Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Receiver,” and filed on Jan. 31, 2013     (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,526,523); -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/921,665 titled     “Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Transmission Using Orthogonal Frequency     Division Multiplexing,” and filed on Jun. 19, 2013; -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/921,710 titled     “Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Reception Using Orthogonal Frequency     Division Multiplexing,” and filed on Jun. 19, 2013; and -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/921,749 titled “Multi-Mode     Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Transmitter for     Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications,” and filed on Jun. 19,     2013.

Each of the above applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Aspects of the present application relate to electronic communications.

BACKGROUND

Existing communications methods and systems are overly power hungry and/or spectrally inefficient. Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such approaches with some aspects of the present method and system set forth in the remainder of this disclosure with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Methods and systems are provided for a multi-mode receiver for highly-spectrally-efficient communications using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, substantially as illustrated by and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, as set forth more completely in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an example OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 1B depicts simulation results of an example cyclic filter for a highly-spectrally-efficient OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 1C depicts a flowchart describing operation of an example implementation of a highly-spectrally-efficient OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 1D depicts a first example of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 1E depicts a second example of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 1F depicts an example process for configuration of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of an example OFDM receiver.

FIGS. 2B and 2C depict a flowchart describing operation of an example implementation of a highly-spectrally-efficient OFDM receiver.

FIG. 2D depicts a flowchart describing operation of an example decoding circuit of a highly-spectrally-efficient OFDM receiver.

FIG. 3A depicts a first example of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 3B depicts a second example of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 3C depicts an example process for configuration of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart describing a process for mitigating the effects of frequency-selective fading in a multi-mode communication system.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example network in which aspects of this disclosure are in use.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As utilized herein the terms “circuits” and “circuitry” refer to physical electronic components (i.e. hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) which may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. As used herein, for example, a particular processor and memory may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code. As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”. As an example, “x and/or y” means any element of the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. As another example, “x, y, and/or z” means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. As utilized herein, the term “exemplary” means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration. As utilized herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example” set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations. As utilized herein, circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled, or not enabled, by some user-configurable setting.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has gained traction in recent years in high-capacity wireless and wireline communication systems such as WiFi (IEEE Std 802.11n/ac), 3GPP-LTE, and G.hn. One advantage of OFDM is that it can reduce the need for complicated equalization over frequency selective channels. It is particularly powerful in combination with multiple independent spatial streams and multiple antennas, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. One advantage of OFDM is that it can reduce or eliminate the need for complicated equalization over frequency selective channels. Conventional MIMO-OFDM solutions are based on suboptimal Zero Forcing, SIC (Successive Interference Cancellation), and minimum mean square error (MMSE) receivers. These detection algorithms are significantly inferior to maximum likelihood (ML) and near-ML receivers. Lately, in emerging standards, constellation size continues to increase (256-QAM, 1024-QAM, and so on). The associated ML state space of such solutions is N^(SS), where N and SS stand for the constellation size and total number of MIMO spatial streams, respectively. Consequently, aspects of this disclosure pertain to reduced state/complexity ML decoders that achieve high performance.

Example implementations of the present disclosure may use relatively small constellations with partial response signaling that occupies around half the bandwidth of “ISI-free” or “full response” signaling. Thus, the ML state space is reduced significantly and cost effectiveness of reduced complexity ML detection is correspondingly improved. Additionally, aspects of this disclosure support detection in the presence of phase noise and non-linear distortion without the need of pilot symbols that reduce capacity and spectral efficiency. The spectral compression also provides multidimensional signal representation that improves performance in an AWGN environment as compared to conventional two-dimensional QAM systems. In accordance with an implementation of this disclosure, transmitter shaping filtering may be applied in the frequency domain in order to preserve the independency of the OFDM symbols.

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an example OFDM transmitter. The example transmitter 100 comprises a symbol mapper circuit 102, an inter-symbol correlation (ISC) generation circuit 104, a decimation circuit 108, a serial-to-parallel circuit 108, an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) circuit 112, a parallel-to-serial circuit 114, a cyclic prefix and windowing circuit 116, and a transmit front-end circuit 118. In the example implementation shown, the transmitter transmits into a channel 120.

The symbol mapper circuit 102, may be operable to map, according to a selected modulation scheme, bits of a bitstream to be transmitted (“Tx_bitstream”) to symbols. For example, for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme having a symbol alphabet of N (N-QAM), the mapper may map each Log₂(N) bits of the Tx_bitstream to a single symbol represented as a complex number and/or as in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components. Although N-QAM is used for illustration in this disclosure, aspects of this disclosure are applicable to any modulation scheme (e.g., pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), frequency shift keying (FSK), etc.). Additionally, points of the N-QAM constellation may be regularly spaced (“on-grid”) or irregularly spaced (“off-grid”). Furthermore, the symbol constellation used by the mapper 102 may be optimized for best bit-error rate (BER) performance (or adjusted to achieve a target BER) that is related to log-likelihood ratio (LLR) and to optimizing mean mutual information bit (MMIB) (or achieving a target MMIB). The Tx_bitstream may, for example, be the result of bits of data passing through a forward error correction (FEC) encoder and/or an interleaver. Additionally, or alternatively, the symbols out of the mapper 102 may pass through an interleaver.

The ISC generation circuit 104 may be operable to filter the symbols output by the mapper 102 to generate C′ virtual subcarrier values (the terminology “virtual subcarrier” is explained below) having a significant, controlled amount of inter-symbol correlation (i.e., any particular one of the C′ virtual subcarrier values may be correlated with a plurality of the C′ symbols output by mapper 102). In other words, the inter-symbol correlation introduced by the ISC generation circuit may be correlation between symbols to be output on different subcarriers. In an example implementation, the ISC generation circuit 104 may be a cyclic filter.

The response of the ISC generation circuit 104 may be determined by a plurality of coefficients, denoted p (where underlining indicates a vector), which may be, for example, stored in memory 124. In an example implementation, the ISC generation circuit 104 may perform a cyclic (or, equivalently, “circular”) convolution on sets of C′ symbols from the mapper 102 to generate sets of C′ virtual subcarrier values conveyed as signal 105. In such an implementation, the ISC generation circuit 104 may thus be described as a circulant matrix that multiplies an input vector of C′ symbols by a C′×C′ matrix, where each row i+1 of the matrix may be a circularly shifted version of row i of the matrix, i being an integer from 1 to C′. For example, for C′=4 (an arbitrary value chosen for illustration only) and p=[p1 p2 p3 p4], the matrix may be as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix} {p\; 1} & {p\; 2} & {p\; 3} & {p\; 4} \\ {p\; 4} & {p\; 1} & {p\; 2} & {p\; 3} \\ {p\; 3} & {p\; 4} & {p\; 1} & {p\; 2} \\ {p\; 2} & {p\; 3} & {p\; 4} & {p\; 1} \end{bmatrix}\quad$ In another example, the length of p may be less than C′, and zero padding may be used to fill the rows and/or columns to length C′ and/or pad the rows and/or columns. For example, C′ may be equal to 6 and the matrix above (with p having four elements) may be padded to create a six element vector p _(z)=[p1 p2 p3 p4 0 0] and then p _(z) may be used to generate a 6 by 6 matrix in the same way that p was used to generate the 4 by 4 matrix. As another example, only the rows may be padded such that the result is a C′×LP matrix, where LP is the length of p (e.g., a 4×6 matrix in the above example). As another example, only the columns may be padded such that the result is a LP×C′ matrix, where LP is the length of p (e.g., a 6×4 matrix in the above example).

The decimation circuit 108 may be operable to decimate groups of C′ virtual subcarrier values down to C transmitted physical subcarrier values (the term “physical subcarrier” is explained below). Accordingly, the decimation circuit 108 may be operable to perform downsampling and/or upsampling. The decimation factor may be an integer or a fraction. The output of the decimator 108 hence comprises C physical subcarrier values per OFDM symbol. The decimation may introduce significant aliasing in case that the ISC generation circuit 104 does not confine the spectrum below the Nyquist frequency of the decimation. However, in example implementations of this disclosure, such aliasing is allowed and actually improves performance because it provides an additional degree of freedom. The C physical subcarrier values may be communicated using C of C+Δ total subcarriers of the channel 120. Δ may correspond to the number of OFDM subcarriers on the channel 120 that are not used for transmitting data. For example, data may not be transmitted a center subcarrier in order to reduce DC offset issues. As another example, one or more subcarriers may be used as pilots to support phase and frequency error corrections at the receiver. Additionally, zero subcarrier padding may be used to increase the sampling rate that separates the sampling replicas and allow the use of low complexity analog circuitry. The C+Δ subcarriers of channel 120 may be spaced at approximately (e.g., within circuit tolerances) BW/(C+Δ) (according to the Nyquist criterion) and with effective OFDM symbol duration of less than or equal to (C+Δ)/BW (according to the Nyquist criterion). Aspects of the invention may, however, enable the receiver to recover the original C′ symbols from the received OFDM symbol (Thus the reason for referring to C′ as the number of “virtual subcarriers”). This delivery of C′ symbols using C effective subcarriers of bandwidth BW/(C+Δ), and OFDM symbol timing of less than or equal to (C+Δ)/BW thus corresponds to a bandwidth reduction of (C′+Δ)/(C+Δ) or, equivalently, a symbol rate increase of C′/C over conventional OFDM systems (assuming the same number, Δ, of unused subcarriers in the conventional system).

To reduce complexity, in an example implementation, the functionalities of 104 and 108 may be merged by calculating only a subset (C_(S)) of the C physical subcarriers subset from C′ by taking out the rows of the matrix that are related to the decimated virtual subcarriers of the ISC generating, C′×C′ matrix. For example, decimation of factor of 2 may be achieved by eliminating the even column vectors of the C′×C′ matrix described in paragraph [0028] (assuming, for purposes of this example, that the information symbol vector (length of C′) is a row vector that left multiplies the matrix).

Generally speaking, in an example implementation wherein the circuit 104 is a cyclic filter, methods and systems of designing the ISC generation circuit 104 may be similar to methods and systems described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,998 titled “Design and Optimization of Partial Response Pulse Shape Filter,” which is incorporated by reference above. Similar to the design of the filter(s) in the single-carrier case described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,998, the design of a cyclic filter implementation of the circuit 104 may be based on using the symbol error rate (SER) union bound as a cost function and may aim to maximize the Euclidean distance associated with one or more identified error patterns. Using a shaping filter characterized by the coefficients p, the distance induced by error pattern ε may be expressed as: δ²(ε, p )=Σ_(n)|Σ_(k) p _([n−k])ε_([k])|²=Σ_(k)Σ_(l)ε_([k])ε_([l])*Σ_(n) p _([n−k]) p _([n−l])*  Eq. 1A Assuming, for purposes of illustration, a spectral compression factor 2, then, after decimation by 2, EQ. 1A becomes: δ₂ ²(ε, p )=Σ_(n)|Σ_(k) p _([2n−k])ε_([k])|²=Σ_(n)|Σ_(k)ε_([2n−2k]) p _([2k])+Σ_(k)ε_([2n−2k+1]) p _([2k−1])|²  Eq. 1B Where the right-hand-side summation relates to odd-indexed symbols and the left-hand-side summation relates to even-indexed symbols. Eq. 1B may then be rewritten as:

$\begin{matrix} {{\delta_{2}^{2}\left( {\underset{\_}{\varepsilon},\underset{\_}{p}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{n}\left\lbrack {{\sum\limits_{k}{\sum\limits_{m}{\varepsilon_{\lbrack{2k}\rbrack}\varepsilon_{\lbrack{2m}\rbrack}^{*}p_{\lbrack{{2n} - {2k}}\rbrack}p_{\lbrack{{2n} - {2m}}\rbrack}^{*}}}} + {\sum\limits_{k}{\sum\limits_{m}{\varepsilon_{\lbrack{{2k} - 1}\rbrack}\varepsilon_{\lbrack{{2m} - 1}\rbrack}^{*}p_{\lbrack{{2n} - {2k} + 1}\rbrack}p_{\lbrack{{2n} - {2m} + 1}\rbrack}^{*}}}} + {{2 \cdot {Real}}\left\{ {\sum\limits_{k}{\sum\limits_{m}{\varepsilon_{\lbrack{2k}\rbrack}\varepsilon_{\lbrack{{2m} - 1}\rbrack}^{*}p_{\lbrack{{2n} - {2k}}\rbrack}p_{\lbrack{{2n} - {2m} + 1}\rbrack}^{*}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}} & {{{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 1}C} \end{matrix}$

In Eq. 1C, the first and second summation terms are associated with the distance of the even-indexed and odd-indexed virtual subcarriers respectively. Accordingly, one goal in designing a cyclic filter implementation of ISC generation circuit 104 may be to maximize the first and second terms of Eq. 1C. The third term takes on both positive and negative values depending on the error pattern. In general, this term will reduce the minimum distance related to the most-probable error patterns. Accordingly, one goal in designing a cyclic filter implementation of ISC generation circuit 104 may be to minimize the third term of Eq. 1C (i.e., minimizing cross-correlation between even and odd virtual subcarriers). Additionally or alternatively, a cyclic filter implementation of ISC generation circuit 104 may be designed such that the first and second terms should have similar levels, which may correspond to even-indexed and odd-indexed symbol sequences have comparable distances (i.e., seeking energy balance between even-indexed and odd-indexed virtual subcarriers).

In presence of frequency-selective fading channel, the inter-subcarrier correlation created by 104 (by filtering or by matrix multiplication, for example) may be used to overcome the frequency-selective fading and to improve detection performance at the receiver. The processing of inter-subcarrier correlation may be perceived as “analog interleaving” over the frequency domain that spreads each of the C′ information symbols over a plurality of frequency subcarriers. As a result of this “analog interleaving,” a notch in one of the subcarriers will have a relatively low impact on detection, assuming that rest of subcarriers that are carrying that information symbol are received with sufficiently-high SNR.

Additional, or alternative, design goals for the circuit 104 may stem from a desire to reduce complexity of the sequence estimation in the receiver. As an example, one design goal may be, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,998, maximizing the magnitude of coefficients of “early” (or low-indexed) taps of a cyclic filter implementation of circuit 104. As another example, one design goal may be, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,998, minimizing the cumulative power of the “late” (or high-indexed) taps of a cyclic filter implementation of circuit 104.

As shown by the example simulation results in FIG. 1B (compression factor=2 used for purposes of illustration), a complex-valued shaping filter can exploit the full spectrum and make the even-indexed (“ph 1”) and odd-indexed responses (“ph 2”) substantially orthogonal by using disjoint parts of the spectrum. FIG. 1B shows an example of the frequency response of the even-indexed and odd-indexed coefficients of a cyclic filter implementation of circuit 104 that was designed in accordance with this disclosure. Also, shown in the lower portion of FIG. 1B is the total/combined even and odd response, which, as can be seen, is substantially flat.

Returning to FIG. 1A, the serial-to-parallel circuit 110 may be operable to convert C physical subcarrier values conveyed serially as signal 109 to C physical subcarrier values input conveyed in parallels as signals 111.

In an example implementation, the subcarrier values output by the decimation circuit 108 may be interleaved prior to being input to the circuit 112 and/or the circuit 110 may perform interleaving of the inputted subcarrier values. This interleaver may be operable to improve the tolerance to frequency selective fading caused by multipath that may impose wide notch that spans over several subcarriers. In this case the interleaver may be used to “spread” the notch over non-consecutive (interleaved) subcarriers and therefore reduce the impact of the notch on decoding performance.

Each of the signals 103, 105, 109, and 111 may be frequency-domain signals. The inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) circuit 112 may be operable to convert the frequency-domain samples of signals 111 to time-domain samples of signals 113.

The parallel-to-serial circuit 114 may be operable to convert the parallel signals 113 to a serial signal 115.

The circuit 116 may be operable to process the signal 115 to generate the signal 117. The processing may include, for example, insertion of a cyclic prefix. Additionally, or alternatively, the processing may include application of a windowing function to compensate for artifacts that may result when a receiver of the transmitted signal uses the FFT to recover information carried in the transmitted signal. Windowing applied the in transmitter 100 may be instead of, or in addition to, windowing applied in a receiver.

The transmitter front-end 118 may be operable to convert the signal 117 to an analog representation, upconvert the resulting analog signal, and amplify the upconverted signal to generate the signal 119 that is transmitted into the channel 120. Thus, the transmitter front-end 118 may comprise, for example, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), mixer, and/or power amplifier. The front-end 118 may introduce non-linear distortion and/or phase noise (and/or other non-idealities) to the signal 117. The non-linearity of the circuit 118 may be represented as NL_(Tx) which may be, for example, a polynomial, or an exponential (e.g., Rapp model). The non-linearity may incorporate memory (e.g., Voltera series). In an example implementation, the transmitter 100 may be operable to transmit its settings that relate to the nonlinear distortion inflicted on transmitted signals by the front-end 118. Such transmitted information may enable a receiver to select an appropriate nonlinear distortion model and associated parameters to apply (as described below).

The channel 120 may comprise a wired, wireless, and/or optical communication medium. The signal 119 may propagate through the channel 120 and arrive at a receiver such as the receiver described below with respect to FIG. 2A.

In various example embodiments, subcarrier-dependent bit-loading and time-varying bit-loading may also be used.

FIG. 1C depicts a flowchart describing operation of an example implementation of a highly-spectrally-efficient OFDM transmitter. The process begins with block 152 in which a baseband bitstream is generated (e.g., by an application running on a smartphone, tablet computer, laptop computer, or other computing device).

In block 154, the baseband bitstream is mapped according to a symbol constellation. In the example implementation depicted, C′ (an integer) sets of log 2(N) bits of the baseband bitstream are mapped to C′ N-QAM symbols.

In block 156, the C′ symbols are cyclically convolved, using a filter designed as described above with reference to FIG. 1A, to generate C′ virtual subcarrier values having a significant, controlled amount of inter-symbol correlation among symbols to be output on different subcarriers.

In block 158, the C′ virtual subcarrier values output by the ISC generation circuit 104 may be decimated down to C physical subcarrier values, each of which is to be transmitted over a respective one of the C+Δ OFDM subcarriers of the channel 120. In an example implementation, the decimation may be by a factor of between approximately 1.25 and 3.

In block 160, the C physical subcarrier values are input to the IFFT and a corresponding C+Δ time-domain values are output for transmission over C+Δ subcarriers of the channel 120.

In block 162, a cyclic prefix may be appended to the C time domain samples resulting from block 160. A windowing function may also be applied to the samples after appending the cyclic prefix.

In block 164 the samples resulting from block 162 may be converted to analog, upconverted to RF, amplified, and transmitted into the channel 120 during a OFDM symbol period that is approximately (e.g., within circuit tolerances) (C+Δ)/BW.

FIG. 1D depicts a first example of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter. The transmitter 100A is an example multi-mode implementation of the transmitter 100 described above. In addition to the components of transmitter 100 described above, the transmitter 100A comprises a control circuit 170 and a switch 172.

The control circuit 170 may comprise, for example, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable interrupt controller (PIC), an ARM-based processor, an x86-based processor, and/or any other suitable circuitry operable to control a configuration of the transmitter 100A based on one or more parameters. The parameters on which the configuration of the transmitter 100A may be based may include, for example, input from a user of, and/or software application running on, a device (e.g., a mobile phone, laptop, base station, or the like) in which the transmitter 100A resides. The parameters on which the configuration of the transmitter 100A may be based may include performance indicators measured by circuitry of the transmitter 100A such as, for example, measured noise levels, temperature, battery charge level, etc. The parameters on which the configuration of the transmitter 100A may be based may include, for example, characteristics of data to be transmitted. Such characteristics may include, for example, quality of service parameters (e.g., latency and/or throughput requirements) and/or a model of non-linear distortion that the data will experience en route to a receiver. The parameters on which the configuration of the transmitter 100A may be based may include performance indicators measured by and fed back from a receiver. Such performance indicators may include, for example, symbol error rate (SER), bit error rate (BER), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), metrics calculated by a decoding circuit, a phase error measured by the receiver, a measurement indicative of multipath present in the channel, and/or any other relevant performance indicator. The control circuit 170 may indicate a mode of operation of the transmitter 100A and/or control configuration of the various components of the transmitter 100B via one or more control signals (“Ctrl”).

The control circuit 170 may also be operable to generate control messages that indicate a configuration of the transmitter 100A. Such control messages may be, for example, inserted into the transmitted datastream and/or transmitted on a control channel or beacon signal, to inform the receiver of the configuration of the transmitter 100A. Such control messages may be used by a multi-mode receiver for configuration of its circuitry.

The Tx front-end 118 may be as described above. Different configurations of the front-end 118 may correspond, for example, to different power back-off settings of an amplifier of the front-end 118. A larger power back-off may correspond to an operating point further away from a reference point (e.g., 1-dB compression point) than an operating point corresponding to a smaller power back-off. Consequently, a larger power back-off setting may correspond to increased linearity at the expense of decreased transmitted power and energy efficiency.

In operation, the transmitter 100A may support a plurality of modes of operation, with each of the modes corresponding to a particular configuration of each of the components of the receiver 100A. In an example implementation, a first mode of operation may be a “full response” OFDM mode where inter-symbol correlation among symbols to be output on different subcarriers is kept below a permissible threshold and C QAM symbols are transmitted using C physical subcarriers (or C′ QAM symbols are transmitted using C′ physical subcarriers), and a second mode of operation may be a “controlled inter-symbol correlation and/or inter-subcarrier interference (ISCI)” OFDM mode where a substantial amount of inter-symbol correlation is introduced to enable transmitting C′ QAM symbols over C physical subcarriers and/or a substantial amount of inter-subcarrier interference may be introduced as a result of increased non-linearity (e.g., by relaxing non-linearity requirements in amplifiers and/or mixers). In the “full response” mode, the switch 172 may be closed and the ISC generation circuit 104 and decimation circuit 108 may be bypassed (and the circuits 104 and 108 may be powered down to save power). Also, in the full response mode, the front-end 118 may be configured to introduce relatively small amounts of non-linear distortion by, for example, reduction of the transmitted power or by increasing the biasing (and consequently the power consumption) of the transmitter chain. In the “controlled ISCI” mode, on the other hand, the switch 172 may be open and the ISC generation circuit 104 and decimation circuit 108 may be powered up and active. Also, in the “controlled ISCI” mode the front-end 118 may be configured to introduce relatively larger amounts of non-linear distortion by, for example, increase of the transmitted power or by decreasing the biasing (and consequently the power consumption) of the transmitter chain.

FIG. 1E depicts a second example of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter. The transmitter 100B is an example multi-mode implementation of the transmitter 100 described above. In addition to the components of transmitter 100 described above, the transmitter 100B comprises a control circuit 170 and a single carrier transmission path 176.

The control circuit 170 may be as described above with reference to FIG. 1D.

The single-carrier transmission path 176 may, for example, comprise a pulse shaper circuit and timing pilot insertion circuit such as the pulse shaper 104 and the timing pilot insert circuit 105 described in the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964, titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.” Thus, the single-carrier transmit path 176 may be operable to transmit highly-spectrally-efficient single-carrier signals having substantial, but controlled, amounts of inter-symbol correlation. The OFDM transmit path 174 may comprise the circuits 104 through 116 described with respect to FIG. 1D above.

Thus, when transmission is via the path 174, substantial amounts of correlation may exist between subcarriers transmitted during the same OFDM symbol period. When transmission is via path 176, on the other hand, substantial amounts of correlation may exist between samples transmitted in successive time periods on the same single carrier.

FIG. 1F depicts an example process for configuration of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter. In block 180, a multi-mode transmitter (e.g., 100A or 100B) powers up.

In block 182 a user and/or application layer of a device (e.g., mobile phone) in which the multi-mode transmitter resides issues a command for the multi-mode transmitter to be configured into a first mode of operation. Such a command may be, for example, in response to a need or desire to communicate with a first receiver that supports a first physical layer protocol/standard. Additionally or alternatively, such a command may be in response to a request sent on behalf of the first receiver (e.g., from a transmitter residing in the first device along with the first receiver). The mode of operation commanded by the user and/or application layer may be selected from a multiple communication modes previously determined to be available in the network. Such determination may, for example, comprise a network discovery period that the device entered upon waking up.

In another example implementation, the command of block 182 may be issued by a network controller such as the one described below with reference to FIG. 5.

In block 184, the multi-mode transmitter is configured into the first mode of operation. For receiver 100A, for example, block 184 may comprise configuration into “full response” mode. For receiver 100B, for example, block 184 may comprise configuration into OFDM mode (i.e., configured to use path 174).

In block 186, information is transmitted, intended for the first receiver, by the multi-mode transmitter configured in the first mode. The first receiver may receive the transmission and process it to recover the transmitted information.

In block 188, a user and/or application layer of a device (e.g., mobile phone) in which the multi-mode transmitter resides issues a command for the multi-mode transmitter to be configured into a second mode of operation. Such a command may be, for example, in response to a need or desire to communicate with a second receiver that supports a second physical layer protocol/standard. Additionally or alternatively, such a command may be in response to a request sent on behalf of the second receiver (e.g., from a transmitter residing in a second device along with a second receiver). In an example implementation, the multi-mode transmitter may, for example, acknowledge the request using mode 1 communications prior to switching to mode 2. The multi-mode transmitter may, for example, be operable to switch between modes on a frame-by-frame basis. In this manner, the multi-mode transmitter may operable to concurrently communicate with a plurality of remote devices, according to a respective mode of operation of each of the remote devices, according to conditions of a respective channel between the transmitter and each of the remote devices, according to respective distance to each of the remote devices, according to respective performance indications from each of the remote devices, and/or according to commands/requests from the user and/or application layer of the transmitter.

In block 190, the multi-mode transmitter is configured into the second mode of operation. For receiver 100A, for example, block 184 may comprise configuration into “controlled ISCI” mode. For receiver 100B, for example, block 184 may comprise configuration into single-carrier mode (i.e., configured to use path 176).

In block 192, information is transmitted, intended for the second receiver, by the multi-mode transmitter configured in the second mode.

In block 194, the multi-mode transmitter powers down.

In another example implementation, a command to switch to the second mode of operation may be issued although communication is to continue with the first receiver (i.e., the first receiver is also switching to a second mode of operation). For example, the switch may take place in response to detected channel conditions (e.g., measured SNR on one or more particular frequency bands) which may be measured by a receiver of the device in which the multi-mode transmitter resides and/or feedback from the first receiver.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of an example OFDM receiver. The example receiver 200 comprises a front-end 202, a cyclic prefix and windowing circuit 204, a serial-to-parallel conversion circuit 208, a frequency correction circuit 206, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) circuit 210, a per-tone equalizer 212, a phase correction circuit 214, a parallel-to-serial conversion circuit 216, a decoding circuit 218 a controlled combined inter-symbol correlation (ISC) and/or inter-subcarrier interference (ICI) model (Controlled ISCI Model) circuit 220, a carrier recovery loop circuit 222, a FEC decoder circuit 232, and a performance indicator measurement circuit 234.

The receiver front-end 202 may be operable to amplify, downconvert, and/or digitize the signal 121 to generate the signal 203. Thus, the receiver front-end 202 may comprise, for example, a low-noise amplifier, a mixer, and/or an analog-to-digital converter. The front-end 202 may, for example, sample the received signal 121 at least C+Δ times per OFDM symbol period. Due to non-idealities, the receiver front-end 202 may introduce non-linear distortion and/or phase noise to the signal 203. The non-linearity of the front end 202 may be represented as NL_(Rx) which may be, for example, a polynomial, or an exponential (e.g., Rapp model). The non-linearity may incorporate memory (e.g., Voltera series).

The circuit 204 may be operable to process the signal 203 to generate the signal 205. The processing may include, for example, removal of a cyclic prefix. Additionally, or alternatively, the processing may include application of a windowing function to compensate for artifacts that may result from use of an FFT on a signal that is not periodic over the FFT window. Windowing applied in the transmitter 100 may be instead of, or in addition to, windowing applied in a receiver. The output of the circuit 204 may comprise C samples of the received signal corresponding to a particular OFDM symbol received across C+Δ subcarriers.

The frequency correction circuit 206 may be operable to adjust a frequency of signal 205 to compensate for frequency errors which may result from, for example, limited accuracy of frequency sources used for up and down conversions. The frequency correction may be based on feedback signal 223 from the carrier recovery circuit 222.

The serial-to-parallel conversion circuit 208 may be operable to convert C time-domain samples output serially as the signal 207 to C time-domain samples output in parallel as signals 209.

In an example implementation, where interleaving of the subcarrier values was performed in transmitter, the phase/frequency-corrected, equalized subcarrier values output at link 215 may be de-interleaved prior to being input to the circuit 218 and/or the circuit 216 may perform de-interleaving of the subcarrier values. In this case the Controlled ISCI Model 220 (comprising the combined ISC model used by the modulator and/or ICI model reflecting the channel non-idealities) should consider the interleaving operation.

Each of the signals 203, 205, 207, and 209 may be time-domain signals. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) circuit 210 may be operable to convert the time-domain samples conveyed as signals 209 to C physical subcarrier values conveyed as signals 211.

The per-tone equalizer 212 may be operable to perform frequency-domain equalization of each of the C physical subcarrier values to compensate for non-idealities (e.g., multipath, additive white Gaussian noise, (AWGN), etc.) experienced by a corresponding one of the C OFDM subcarriers. In an example implementation, the equalization may comprise multiplying a sample of each of signals 211 by a respective one of C complex coefficients determined by the equalization circuit 212. Such coefficients may be adapted from OFDM symbol to OFDM symbol. Adaptation of such coefficients may be based on decisions of decoding circuit 218. In an example implementation, the adaptation may be based on an error signal 221 defined as the difference, output by circuit 230, between the equalized and phase-corrected samples of signal 217 and the corresponding reconstructed signal 227 b output by the decoding circuit 218. Generation of the reconstructed signal 227 b may be similar to generation of the reconstructed signal 203 in the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 (but modified for the OFDM case, as opposed to the single-carrier case described therein) and/or as described below with reference to FIG. 2D.

The phase correction circuit 214 may be operable to adjust the phase of the received physical subcarrier values. The correction may be based on the feedback signal 225 from the carrier recovery circuit 222 and may compensate for phase errors introduced, for example, by frequency sources in the front-end of the transmitter and/or the front-end 202 of the receiver.

The parallel-to-serial conversion circuit 216 may convert the C physical subcarrier values output in parallel by circuit 214 to a serial representation. The physical subcarrier values bits may then be conveyed serially to the decoding circuit 218. Alternatively, 216 may be bypassed and the decoding at 218 may be done iteratively over the parallel (vector) signal 215.

The controlled ISCI model circuit 220 may be operable to store tap coefficients p and/or nonlinearity model

The stored values may, for example, have been sent to the receiver 200 by the transmitter 100 in one or more control messages. The controlled ISCI model circuit 220 may be operable to convert a time-domain representation of a nonlinearity model to a frequency domain representation. The model 220 may, for example, store (e.g., into a look-up table) multiple sets of filter coefficients and/or nonlinearity models and may be operable to dynamically select (e.g., during operation based on recent measurements) the most appropriate one(s) for the particular circumstances.

The decoding circuit 218 may be operable to process the signal 217 to recover symbols carried therein. In an example implementation, the decoding circuit 218 may be an iterative maximum likelihood or maximum a priori decoder that uses symbol slicing or other techniques that enable estimating individual symbols rather than sequences of symbols. In another example implementation, the decoding circuit 218 may be a sequence estimation circuit operable to perform sequence estimation to determine the C′ symbols that were generated in the transmitter corresponding to the received OFDM symbol. Such sequence estimation may be based on maximum likelihood (ML) and/or maximum a priori (MAP) sequence estimation algorithm(s), including reduced-complexity (e.g., storing reduced channel state information) versions thereof. The decoding circuit 218 may be able to recover the C′ symbols from the C physical subcarriers (where C′>C) as a result of the controlled inter-symbol correlation and/or aliasing that was introduced by the transmitter (e.g., as a result of processing by ISC generation circuit 104 and/or the aliasing introduced by the decimation circuit 108). The decoding circuit 218 may receive, from circuit 220, a frequency-domain controlled ISCI model of non-linearity, phase noise, and/or other non-idealities experienced by one or more of the C physical subcarrier values arriving at the decoding circuit 218.

The decoding circuit 218 may use the controlled ISCI model to calculate metrics similar to the manner in which a model is used to calculate metrics in above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 (but modified for the OFDM case as opposed to the single-carrier case described therein) and/or as described below with reference to FIG. 2C. The decoding circuit 218 may also use the controlled ISCI model provided by circuit 220 to generate signals 227 a and 227 b, as described herein. In an example implementation, the decoding circuit 218 is operable to get at its input C equalized and phase-corrected physical subcarrier values and generate LLR values associated with the bits of the C′ constellation symbols that where originally loaded over the virtual subcarriers of the WAM-OFDM transmitter. The LLRs may be generated by checking multiple hypotheses of C′ constellation symbols based on the received samples. The best hypothesis may be used to generate the symbols and hard bits detection. In case of using a soft error correction code, an LLR interface that reflects the reliability of the bits (analog signal) rather than the hard bits (i.e., “0”, “1”) may be used. A remaining one or more of the hypotheses (the second-best, third-best, etc.) may be used to generate the LLR values. For example, assuming that a particular bit was detected as “1” according to the best hypothesis, the LLR for this bit may be provided from the distance of the best hypothesis to the second best hypothesis that estimates this particular bit as “0”. The LLR values for the different virtual subcarriers may be weighted according to their respective SNR. In case of frequency-selective fading channel, each subcarrier may have a different gain that corresponds to a different SNR per subcarrier. Because LLR value reflects the bit reliability, in an example implementation, the LLRs may be weighted according to the appropriate subcarrier gain to achieve Maximum Likelihood performance. In an example implementation, log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) determined in a receiver (e.g., in circuit 218) may have a noise variance component that varies with subcarrier. This may be because the per-subcarrier channel gain (due, for example, to the analog channel selection filter circuits and channel) may vary with frequency but the RF front-end gain at the receiver may be fixed.

For each received OFDM symbol, the circuit 220 may generate a frequency-domain controlled ISCI model of the channel over which the OFDM symbol was received. The controlled ISCI model of 220 may account for non-linear distortion experienced by the received OFDM symbol, phase noise experienced by the received OFDM symbol, and/or other non-idealities. For example, a third-order time domain distortion may be modeled in the frequency domain as:

$\begin{matrix} {{y(t)} = {{x(t)} \cdot \left( {1 - {r \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j\;\varphi} \cdot {{x(t)}}^{2}}} \right)}} \\ {= {{x(t)} - {r \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j\;\varphi} \cdot {x(t)} \cdot {x^{*}(t)} \cdot {x(t)}}}} \end{matrix}$ Y(ω) = X(ω) − r ⋅ 𝕖^(j φ) ⋅ X(ω) ⊗ X^(*)(−ω) ⊗ X(ω), where:

x(t), X(ω)—are the input signal in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively;

y(t), Y(ω)—are the distorted output signal in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively;

r·e^(jφ)—is the complex distortion coefficients;

( )*—denotes complex conjugate operator; and

—stands for the convolution operator.

The carrier recovery loop circuit 222 may be operable to recover phase and frequency of one or more of the C OFDM subcarriers of the channel 120. The carrier recovery loop 222 may generate a frequency error signal 223 and a phase error signal 225. The phase and/or frequency error may be determined by comparing physical subcarrier values of signal 217 to a reconstructed signal 227 a. Accordingly, the frequency error and/or phase error may be updated from OFDM symbol to OFDM symbol. The reconstructed signal 227 b may be generated similar to the manner in which the reconstructed signal 207 of the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 (but modified for the OFDM case, as opposed to the single-carrier case described therein) and/or as described below with reference to FIG. 2D.

The performance indicator measurement circuit 234 may be operable to measure, estimate, and/or otherwise determine characteristics of received signals and convey such performance measurement indications to a transmitter collocated with the receiver 200 for transmitting the feedback to the remote side. Example performance indicators that the circuit 234 may determine and/or convey to a collocated transmitter for transmission of a feedback signal include: signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per subcarrier (e.g., determined based on frequency-domain values at the output of FFT 210 and corresponding decisions at the output of the decoding circuit 218 and/or FEC decoder 232), symbol error rate (SER) (e.g., measured by decoding circuit 218 and conveyed to the circuit 234), and/or bit error rate (BER) (e.g., measured by the FEC decoder and conveyed to the circuit 234).

FIGS. 2B and 2C depict a flowchart describing operation of an example implementation of a highly-spectrally-efficient OFDM receiver. The process begins with block 242 in which an OFDM symbol arrives, as signal 121, at front-end 202 and is amplified, down-converted, and digitized to generate C+Δ+P time-domain samples of the OFDM symbol, where P is the size of the cyclic prefix.

In block 244, the cyclic prefix may be removed and a windowing function may be applied.

In block 246, frequency correction may be applied to the time-domain samples based on an error signal 223 determined by the carrier recovery circuit 222.

In block 248, the frequency corrected time-domain samples are converted to frequency-corrected frequency-domain physical subcarrier values by the FFT circuit 210.

In block 250, the frequency-corrected physical subcarrier values output by the FFT are equalized in the frequency domain by the per-subcarrier equalizer circuit 212.

In block 252, one or more of the frequency-corrected and equalized physical subcarrier values are phase corrected based on a phase correction signal 225 generated by the carrier recovery circuit 222.

In block 254, the vector of C frequency-corrected, equalized, and phase-corrected received physical subcarrier values is input to decoding circuit 218 and sequence estimation is used to determine the best estimates of the vector of C′ symbols that resulted in the vector of C frequency-corrected, equalized, and phase-corrected received physical subcarrier values. Example details of metric generation performed during the sequence estimation are described below with reference to FIG. 2C.

In block 256, the best estimate of the vector of C′ symbols is determined by decoding circuit 218 and is output as signal 219 to FEC decoder 232, which outputs corrected values on signal 233. Example details of selecting the best candidate vector are described below with reference to FIG. 2C.

Referring to FIG. 2C, in block 262, the decoding circuit 218 generates a plurality of candidate vectors (each candidate vector corresponding to a possible value of the vector of C′ symbols generated by the transmitter), and generates a corresponding plurality of reconstructed physical subcarrier vectors by applying the controlled ISCI model to the candidates.

In block 264, the reconstructed physical subcarrier vectors are compared to the vector of frequency-corrected, equalized, and/or phase-corrected received physical subcarrier values to calculate metrics.

In block 266, the candidate vector corresponding to the best metric is selected as the best candidate, and the C′ symbols of the best candidate are output as signal 219, to, for example, FEC decoder 232 and/or an interleaver (not shown).

FIG. 2D depicts a flowchart describing operation of an example decoding circuit of a highly-spectrally-efficient OFDM receiver. The flowchart begins with block 272 in which a vector of C received physical subcarrier values arrive at decoding circuit 218.

In block 274, the best candidate vector is determined to a first level of confidence. For example, in block 274, the best candidate vector may be determined based on a first number of iterations of a sequence estimation algorithm.

In block 276, the controlled ISCI model may be applied to the best candidate vector determined in block 274 to generate reconstructed signal 227 a.

In block 278, the best candidate vector is determined to a second level of confidence. For example, the best candidate determined in block 278 may be based on a second number of iterations of the sequence estimation algorithm, where the second number of iterations is larger than the first number of iterations.

In block 280, the controlled ISCI model may be applied to the best candidate determined in block 278 to generate reconstructed signal 227 b.

In block 282, coefficients used by the equalizer 212 are updated/adapted based on the reconstructed signal 227 b determined in block 280.

In block 284, subsequent received physical subcarrier values are equalized based on the coefficients calculated in block 282.

Blocks 286 and 288 may occur in parallel with blocks 278-284.

In block 286, the carrier recovery loop 222 may determine frequency and/or phase error based on signal 227 a calculated in block 276.

In block 288, samples received during a subsequent OFDM symbol period may be frequency corrected based on the error determined in block 286 and/or subsequent received physical subcarrier values are phase corrected based on the error determined in block 286.

FIG. 3A depicts a first example of a multi-mode OFDM receiver. The receiver 200A is an example multi-mode implementation of the receiver 200 described above. In addition to the components of receiver 200 described above (for clarity of illustration only the decoding circuit 218 and the controlled ISCI model circuit 220 are shown), the receiver 200A comprises a control circuit 302.

The control circuit 302 may comprise, for example, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable interrupt controller (PIC), an ARM-based processor, an x86-based processor, and/or any other suitable circuitry operable to control a configuration of the receiver based on one or more parameters. The parameters on which the configuration of the receiver 200A may be based may include, for example, input from a user of, and/or software application running 200A on, a device (e.g., a mobile phone, laptop, base station, or the like) in which the receiver resides. The parameters on which the configuration of the receiver 200A may be based may include performance indicators measured by circuitry of the receiver 200A such as, for example, measured noise levels, temperature, battery charge level, symbol error rate (SER), bit error rate (BER), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), metrics calculated by decoding circuit 218, inputs to the controlled ISCI model circuit 220, an output of the controlled ISCI model 229, a phase error measured by the receiver, a measurement indicative of an amount of multipath in the channel, and/or any other relevant performance indicator. The parameters on which the configuration of the receiver 200A may be based may include characteristics of data to be received. Such characteristics may include, for example, quality of service parameters (e.g., latency and/or throughput requirements) and/or a model of non-linear distortion experienced by the data during transmission, propagation over the channel, and/or reception by the receiver 200A. The parameters on which the configuration of the receiver 200A is based may be communicated (e.g., in a beacon signal) by a transmitter from which the receiver 200A desires to receive communications. Such parameters may include, for example, power back-off (and/or other indications of non-linearity) symbol constellation in use, baud rate, etc. The parameters on which the configuration of the receiver may be based may include a mode of operation of a transmitter from which the receiver desires to receive communications. Such mode of operation may, for example, be communicated to the receiver 200A in a control message (e.g., in a beacon signal) and relayed to the control circuit 302.

The control circuit 302 may also be operable to generate control messages that indicate, for example, a configuration of the receiver 200A, channel and/or other communication conditions. Example channel and/or communication conditions include signal-to-noise ratio of the channel, bandwidth of the channel, frequency-selective fading detected on the channel, quality of service requirements of the receiver, bit-error rate in the receiver, symbol error rate in the receiver, and/or packet error rate in the receiver. Such control messages may be, for example, inserted into the transmitted datastream and/or transmitted on a control channel or beacon signal, to provide feedback to a transmitter. Such control messages may be used by a multi-mode transmitter for configuration of its circuitry.

In operation, the receiver 200A may support a plurality of modes of operation, with each of the modes corresponding to a particular configuration of the decoding circuit 218 and the controlled ISCI model 220.

In an example implementation, a first mode of operation may be a “full response” OFDM mode and a second mode may be a “controlled ISCI” mode. In the full response mode, the decoding circuit 218 and controlled ISCI model circuit 220 may be configured to processes OFDM symbols having relatively low inter-symbol correlation among symbols received on different subcarriers (e.g., below a permissible threshold) to recover C QAM (or PAM, QPSK, etc.) symbols from C physical subcarriers or to recover C′ QAM (or PAM, QPSK, etc.) symbols from C′ physical subcarriers. In the “full response” mode, p may be unused in the controlled ISCI model circuit 220 or may be set to values (e.g., the identity matrix) that do not introduce inter-symbol correlation among symbols to be output on different subcarriers during matrix multiplication of a candidate vector, or the controlled ISCI model circuit 220 may be bypassed and turned off as well as decoding circuit 218. In the controlled ISCI mode, the decoding circuit 218 and controlled ISCI model circuit 220 may be configured to processes OFDM symbols having a substantial amount of inter-symbol correlation among symbols output on different subcarriers intentionally introduced by the transmitter and to recover C′ QAM (or PAM, QPSK, etc.) symbols from C physical subcarriers.

FIG. 3B depicts a second example of a multi-mode OFDM receiver. The receiver 200B comprises a control circuit 302, an OFDM receive path 304, a carrier recovery loop 306, a single carrier receive path 308, an inter-symbol correlation and/or inter-subcarrier interference (ISCI) modeling circuit 310, and a decoding circuit 312.

The control circuit 302 may be as described above.

The OFDM receive path may, for example comprise components 204-216, and 230 described above with reference to FIG. 2A. The signals 203, 215, 223, 225, and 217 may be as described above.

The carrier recovery circuit 306 may be operable to perform functions of the carrier recovery circuit 222 described above and the carrier recovery circuit 208 described in the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.” The signals 223, 225, 217, and 227 a may be as described above in this application. The signals 2220 and 2280 may correspond to signals 222 and 228, respectively, of the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.”

The single-carrier receive path 308 may comprise components 109, 110, 202, 204, 206, and 212 of the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.” The signals 1190 and 1220 may correspond to signals 119 and 122 (or, equivalently, signal 232), respectively, of the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.”

The decoding circuit 312 may be operable to perform functions of the decoding circuit 218 described above and the decoding circuit 210 and nonlinearity circuits 236 a and 236 b of the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.” The signals 227 b, 215, 227 a, and 219 may be as described above. The signals 2340 and 1320 may correspond to signals 234 and 132, respectively, of the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.”

When the receiver is configured to use path 304 (“controlled ISCI OFDM mode”), ISCI model circuit 310 may perform functions of the circuit 220 described above. When the receiver is configured to use path 308 (“controlled ISI mode”) the ISCI model circuit 310 may convey ĥ and/or

(each of which is described in the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.”) as to the decoding circuit 312.

In operation, when the receiver 200B is configured to use path 304, the sequence estimation may perform sequence estimation on samples received via C physical subcarriers to recover C′ QAM (or PAM, QPSK, et.) symbols per OFDM symbol period. When the receiver 200B is configured to use path 308, the sequence estimation may perform sequence estimation on a received single-carrier partial response signal.

FIG. 3C depicts an example process for configuration of a multi-mode OFDM transmitter.

In block 322, the receiver powers up.

In block 324, the receiver determines to enter a first mode of operation. For example, the receiver 200A may determine to enter a “full response” mode. As another example, the receiver 200B may determine to enter a “single-carrier mode.” This determination may be made based on, for example, a user and/or application layer of the device in which the receiver resides indicating a need to communicate in accordance with the first mode of operation. This determination may additionally or alternatively be made based on, for example, the first mode being a default mode which the receiver may use to listen for availability/support (e.g., via broadcast beacons) of a second mode of operation by transmitters of other, in-range devices. This determination may additionally or alternatively be made based on, for example, measurements by the receiver (e.g., signal strength and/or signal-to-noise ratio on particular frequency bands, quality of service requirements, and/or the like) and/or input from other sensors or receivers (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and/or GPS receivers).

In an example implementation, prior to deciding, or upon deciding, to enter a first mode of operation, the receiver may send feedback to a transmitting device from which the receiver desires to receive communications while operating the first mode. The feedback may include, for example, the configuration of the receiver and/or channel and/or other communication conditions (e.g., SNR of one or more bands on the channel, quality of service requirements of the receiver, bit error rates in the receiver, symbol error rates in the receiver, packet error rates in the receiver, and/or the like).

In block 326, the receiver may be configured into the first mode and begin listening for communications. In an example implementation, a transmitter of the device in which the receiver resides may transmit (e.g., broadcast) the determined configuration of the receiver.

In block 328, a signal may be received and processed by the receiver operating in the first mode to recover information contained in the received signal. For example, in the receiver 200A block 328 may comprise processing an OFDM symbol received on C subcarriers to recover C QAM symbols. As another example, in the receiver 200B, block 328 may comprise processing a receive inter-symbol correlated (ISC) as described in above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/754,964 titled “Low-Complexity, Highly-Spectrally-Efficient Communications.”

In block 330, the receiver determines to enter a second mode of operation. This determination may be based, for example, on one or of the considerations described with respect to block 324. Additionally or alternatively, this determination may be based on the information recovered in block 330 (e.g., a control message instructing transition to the second mode).

In an example implementation, prior to deciding, or upon deciding, to enter a first mode of operation, the receiver may send feedback to a transmitting device from which the receiver desires to receive communications while operating the second mode. The feedback may include, for example, the configuration of the receiver and/or channel and/or other communication conditions (e.g., SNR of one or more bands on the channel, quality of service requirements of the receiver, bit error rates in the receiver, symbol error rates in the receiver, packet error rates in the receiver, and/or the like).

In block 332, the receiver may be configured into the second mode and begin listening for communications. In an example implementation, a transmitter of the device in which the receiver resides may transmit (e.g., broadcast) the determined configuration of the receiver.

In block 334, a signal may be received and processed by the receiver operating in the second mode to recover information contained in the received signal. For example, in the receiver 200A block 334 may comprise processing an OFDM symbol received on C subcarriers to recover C′ QAM symbols. As another example, in the receiver 200B, block 328 may comprise processing an OFDM symbol received on C subcarriers to recover C′ QAM symbols.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart describing a process for mitigating the effects of frequency-selective fading in a multi-mode communication system. In case of frequency selective fading channel, feedback from a receiving device may be used to dynamically adapt transmission properties.

In block 402, while transmitting device and receiving device are communicating using OFDM, frequency selective fading is causing a significant notch that is critically impacting one or more subcarriers. For example, the notch may be reducing the received SNR of the subcarrier(s) below a certain level (e.g., a level that is predetermined and/or algorithmically controlled during run time).

In block 404, an identification of such impacted subcarrier(s) may be sent from the receiving device to the transmitting device (e.g., over a control channel).

In block 406, in an example implementation, in response to receiving the indication sent in block 304, the transmitting device disables transmission of data over the impacted subcarrier(s). The transmitting device may disable transmission of data over the impacted subcarrier(s) by, for example, reconfiguring the mapper 102 (e.g., changing the value of C′ and/or configuring the mapper 102 to insert pilot symbols between data symbols), changing _p, reconfiguring the decimation circuit 108 (e.g., changing the value of C), and/or reconfiguring the mapping performed by the serial-to-parallel circuit 110. In another example implementation, in response to the indication sent in block 304, the transmitting device may switch from a partial response OFDM mode to a full response OFDM mode, which may be less sensitive to deep notches than the partial response OFDM mode. For example, when more than a threshold number of subcarriers are being critically impacted, the transmitter may decide (or may receive a decision from the receiver) to switch from a partial response OFDM mode to a full response OFDM mode. In another example implementation, in response to the indication sent in block 304, the transmitting device may switch from a partial response OFDM mode to a single-carrier mode to use a single channel that is not being critically impacted. For example, when more than a threshold number of subcarriers are being critically impacted, the transmitter may decide (or may receive a decision from the receiver) to switch from a partial response OFDM mode to a single-carrier mode. Because single-carrier mode may actually be being more sensitive to deep notches, it may be preferable to instead switch to full response OFDM mode rather than to single-carrier mode).

In block 408, the receiving device may determine that data transmission on the disabled subcarriers should resume.

In block 410, in an example implementation, the instruction to resume data transmission on the disabled subcarrier(s) may be sent (e.g., via a control channel). In another example implementation, where the communications had switched from OFDM to single-carrier, block 408 may comprise a switch back to OFDM may occur. In another example implementation, where the communications had switched from partial response OFDM to full response OFDM, block 410 may comprise a switch back to partial response OFDM. In an example implementation, such a determination may be made by monitoring pilot signal(s) that the transmitting device transmits on the disabled subcarrier(s). For example, the receiving device may monitor a characteristic (e.g., SNR) of the pilot signal(s) and determine to resume use of the subcarriers(s) upon a significant and/or sustained change in the characteristic (e.g., upon SNR of the pilot signal(s) increasing above a determined threshold for a determined amount of time). In an example implementation, the determination to resume data transmission on the disabled subcarrier(s) may be based on the one or more characteristics of subcarriers adjacent to the disabled subcarrier(s). For example, while subcarrier N is disabled, the receiving device may monitor SNR of adjacent subcarriers N−1 and/or N+1, and may decide enable subcarrier N in response to a significant and/or sustained increase in the SNR of subcarrier(s) N−1 and/or N+1. The first example above for SNR estimation of disabled subcarrier(s) which is based on pilots, may be more accurate than the second example which is based on SNR estimation using adjacent subcarriers. However, the second example does not “waste” power on pilot subcarrier(s) transmission thus may provide higher power for the information (modulated) subcarriers assuming that the transmitted power is fixed. The relative increased power of the modulated subcarriers may improve decoding performance (e.g., SER, BER, packet error rate).

Similarly, feedback from the receiving device (e.g., in the form of subcarrier SNR measurements) may be used to adapt the inter-symbol correlation (ISC) generation circuit 104 and/or decimation circuit 108. Such adaptation may, for example, give relatively-high-SNR subcarriers relatively-high coefficients and relatively-low-SNR subcarriers relatively-low coefficients. Such adaptation of coefficients may be used to optimize communication capacity (or to achieve a target communication capacity) between the transmitting device and the receiving device. The control channel latency and adaptation rate may be controlled to be fast enough to accommodate channel coherence time.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example network in which aspects of this disclosure are in use. Shown in FIG. 5 are a network core 502, a network controller 504, and a terminal 506. The network core 502 may be, for example, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), a local area network (LAN), cellular provider core network, and/or the like. The network controller 504 may be, for example, a LAN access point, a wireless LAN access point, a cellular base station, a cellular radio network controller, and/or the like. The link 503 may be wired, wireless, and/or optical. The terminal 506 may be, for example, a personal computer, a smartphone, a table computer, and/or the like. The link 505 may be wired, wireless, and/or optical.

In an example implementation, circuitry of a receiver may comprise a decoding circuit and be capable of operating in at least two modes. While the circuitry operates in a first of the modes, the decoding circuit (e.g., 218) may process OFDM symbols received on a first number (e.g., C) of data-carrying subcarriers to recover a number of mapped symbols per OFDM symbol that is greater than the first number. While the circuitry operates in a second of the modes, the decoding circuit may process OFDM symbols received on a second number of data-carrying subcarriers (e.g., C′) to recover a number of mapped symbols per OFDM symbol that is equal to or less than the second number. The circuitry may receive OFDM symbols a channel having significant nonlinearity such that, while said circuitry operates in the first of the modes, a performance metric (e.g., symbol error rate, bit error rate, packet error rate, or the like) is degraded by less than 1 dB relative to a perfectly linear channel, and while the circuitry operates in the second of the modes, the performance metric is degraded by 1 dB or more relative to a perfectly linear channel. Symbols output by the symbol mapper circuit may be N-QAM symbols, N being an integer. The decoding circuit may be a sequence estimation circuit.

The sequence estimation circuit may be a maximum-likelihood sequence estimation circuit. While the circuitry operates in a first of the modes, the sequence estimation circuit may generate candidate vectors and process the candidate vectors using an inter-symbol correlation and/or inter-subcarrier interference (ISCI) model to generate reconstructed physical subcarrier values. The ISCI model may incorporate a non-linear model. While the circuitry operates in a first of the modes, the sequence estimation circuit may generate metrics based on a difference between the reconstructed physical subcarrier values and values received on the first number of data-carrying subcarriers, and select a best candidate based on the metrics. The circuitry may comprise a modeling circuit (e.g., 220). While the circuitry operates in a first of the modes, a model output by the modeling circuit may be based on cyclic filtering and/or decimation used in generation of the OFDM symbols. While the circuitry operates in a first of the modes, the modeling circuit may be enabled and generate a model used by the decoding circuit. While the circuitry operates in a second of the modes, the modeling circuit may be disabled. The circuitry may be configurable between the first and the second of the modes during operation based on one or more of: feedback, channel or other communication conditions, network controller, application and user input. The first number may be different or the same as the second number.

Other implementations may provide a non-transitory computer readable medium and/or storage medium, and/or a non-transitory machine readable medium and/or storage medium, having stored thereon, a machine code and/or a computer program having at least one code section executable by a machine and/or a computer, thereby causing the machine and/or computer to perform the processes as described herein.

Methods and systems disclosed herein may be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Methods and systems disclosed herein may be realized in a centralized fashion in at least one computing system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computing systems. Any kind of computing system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software may be a general-purpose computing system with a program or other code that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computing system such that it carries out methods described herein. Another typical implementation may comprise an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or chip with a program or other code that, when being loaded and executed, controls the ASIC such that is carries out methods described herein.

While methods and systems have been described herein with reference to certain implementations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the present method and/or system. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the present method and/or system not be limited to the particular implementations disclosed, but that the present method and/or system will include all implementations falling within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A receiver comprising: circuitry comprising a decoding circuit and being operable in at least two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modes, wherein: while said circuitry operates in a first of said OFDM modes, said decoding circuit processes OFDM symbols received on X data-carrying subcarriers to recover Y mapped symbols per OFDM symbol, where Y is greater than X and X and Y are positive integers; while said circuitry operates in a second of said OFDM modes, said decoding circuit processes OFDM symbols received on J data-carrying subcarriers to recover K mapped symbols per OFDM symbol, where K is equal to or less than J, and J and K are positive integers; and wherein: said decoding circuit is a sequence estimation circuit; and while said circuitry operates in a first of said OFDM modes, said sequence estimation circuit generates candidate vectors and processes said candidate vectors using an inter-symbol correlation and/or inter-subcarrier interference (ISCI) model to generate reconstructed physical subcarrier values.
 2. The receiver of claim 1, wherein said mapped are N-QAM symbols, N being an integer.
 3. The receiver of claim 1, wherein said sequence estimation circuit is based on a maximum-likelihood sequence estimation circuit.
 4. The receiver of claim 1, wherein said circuitry is configurable between said first of said OFDM modes and said second of said OFDM modes during operation based on one or more of: feedback, channel or other communication conditions, network controller, application and user input.
 5. The receiver of claim 1, wherein X is different than J.
 6. A method performed by an electronic receiver that operates in at least two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modes, said method comprising: while said receiver operates in a first of said OFDM modes: receiving OFDM symbols on X data-carrying subcarriers; processing said OFDM symbols to recover Y mapped symbols per OFDM symbol, where Y is greater than X and X and Y are positive integers; and generating candidate vectors and processing said candidate vectors using an inter-symbol correlation and/or inter-subcarrier interference (ISCI) model to generate reconstructed physical subcarrier values while said receiver operates in a second of said OFDM modes, receiving OFDM symbols on J data-carrying subcarriers; and processing said OFDM symbols to recover K mapped symbols per OFDM symbol, where K is equal to or less than J, and J and K are positive integers.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said mapped symbols are N-QAM symbols, N being an integer.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said receiver comprises a sequence estimation circuit.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said sequence estimation circuit is based on a maximum-likelihood sequence estimation circuit.
 10. A receiver comprising: circuitry comprising a decoding circuit and a model circuit operable to model inter-subcarrier interference introduced to signals received by said receiver and being operable in at least two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modes, wherein: while said circuitry operates in a first of said OFDM modes, said decoding circuit processes OFDM symbols received on X data-carrying subcarriers to recover Y mapped symbols per OFDM symbol, where Y is greater than X and X and Y are positive integers; while said circuitry operates in a second of said OFDM modes, said decoding circuit processes OFDM symbols received on J data-carrying subcarriers to recover K mapped symbols per OFDM symbol, where K is equal to or less than J, and J and K are positive integers.
 11. The receiver of claim 10, wherein: while said circuitry operates in said first OFDM mode, said model circuit is in a first configuration; and while said circuitry operates in said first OFDM mode, said model circuit is in a second configuration.
 12. The receiver of claim 11, wherein: said model circuit is turned on in said first configuration; and said model circuit is turned off in said second configuration.
 13. The receiver of claim 10, wherein: said model circuit is configured by a plurality of coefficients; in said first configuration, said plurality of coefficients are set to values that introduce inter-subcarrier correlation when processing a plurality of subcarriers.
 14. The receiver of claim 13, wherein: in said second configuration, said plurality of coefficients are set to values that do not introduce inter-subcarrier correlation when processing a plurality of subcarriers.
 15. The receiver of claim 10, wherein: said model circuit is configured by a plurality of coefficients; in said first configuration, said plurality of coefficients are set to values based on nonlinearity experienced by signals received by said receiver.
 16. The receiver of claim 15, wherein: in said second configuration, said plurality of coefficients are set to an identity matrix.
 17. The receiver of claim 10, wherein said model circuit is operable to model nonlinear distortion introduced to said signals received by said receiver.
 18. A receiver comprising: circuitry comprising a decoding circuit and being operable in at least two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modes, wherein: while said circuitry operates in a first of said OFDM modes, said decoding circuit is operable to process OFDM symbols to recover more mapped symbols per OFDM symbol than there are data-carrying subcarriers per OFDM symbol; while said circuitry operates in a second of said OFDM modes, said decoding circuit is operable to process OFDM symbols to recover: fewer mapped symbols per OFDM symbol than there are data-carrying subcarriers per OFDM symbol; or the same number of mapped symbols per OFDM symbol as there are data-carrying subcarriers per OFDM symbol; and while said circuitry operates in a first of said OFDM modes, said sequence estimation circuit generates candidate vectors and processes said candidate vectors using an inter-symbol correlation and/or inter-subcarrier interference (ISCI) model to generate reconstructed physical subcarrier values. 